| Abstract | U radu su, kroz različite primjere, detaljno opisane operacije zbrajanja i oduzimanja prirodnih
brojeva na sorobanu te su u kratkim crtama opisani načini množenja i dijeljenja na navedenom
pomagalu. Na sorobanu se operira s prirodnim brojevima kojima se bavi posebna grana
matematike – aritmetika.
Na samome početku prikazan je sadržaj vezan uz aritmetiku. Navedeni su osnovni pojmovi
vezani uz broj, različiti brojevni sustavi, način usvajanja brojeva i izvođenje operacija s
brojevima.
Nakon poglavlja o aritmetici, slijedi poglavlje o sorobanu. Dan je prikaz nastanka i razvoja
abakusa. Abakus se smatra prvom računaljkom te je korišten prije razvoja kalkulatora i
računala. Postoje različite vrste abakusa, a neke od njih su: kineski abakus, japanski abakus,
ruski abakus, Lee Kai-chen, digicus itd. U ovom radu naglasak je na japanskom abakusu
sorobanu.
Na sorobanu, moguće je izvoditi osnovne računske operacije. Prilikom zbrajanja i oduzimanja
na japanskom pomagalu najprije se provjerava mogu li se izravno dodati ili oduzeti kuglice.
Ako ne mogu onda se poziva na komplementarne parove do broja 5, a ako ni to nije moguće
onda se poziva na komplementarne parove do broja 10. Također, postoje i pojedina odstupanja
u računanju za koja nije potrebno učiti nova pravila već u različitim situacijama primijeniti
naučena pravila.
Množenje na sorobanu zahtijeva predznanja u vidu tablice množenja jednoznamenkastih
brojeva i vješto izvođenje zbrajanja na sorobanu. S druge strane, dijeljenje na sorobanu
zahtijeva također znanje tablice množenja, ali i vješto oduzimanje na pomagalu.
Na kraju je prikazana primjena abakusa u praksi. Navedene su prednosti korištenja abakusa,
ali i njegova uporaba u praksi. Bez obzira na to što se najviše koristi u azijskim zemljama i u
Hrvatskoj postoje škole za učenje rada na abakusu. Također, postoje i različite aplikacije i web
stranice koje omogućavaju rad na njemu. |
| Abstract (english) | In the paper, through various examples, the operations of adding and subtracting natural
numbers on the soroban are described in detail, and the methods of multiplication and division
on the mentioned aid are briefly described. Soroban is operated with natural numbers, which
are dealt with by a special branch of mathematics - arithmetic.
At the very beginning, content related to arithmetic is shown. The basic terms related to
number, different number systems, the method of acquiring numbers and performing
operations with numbers are listed.
After the chapter on arithmetic, there is a chapter on soroban. The origin and development of
the abacus is presented. The abacus is considered the first calculating device and was used
before the development of calculators and computers. There are different types of abacus, and
some of them are: Chinese abacus, Japanese abacus, Russian abacus, Lee Kai-chen, digicus,
etc. In this paper, the emphasis is on the Japanese soroban abacus.
On soroban, it is possible to perform basic arithmetic operations. When adding and subtracting
on the Japanese aid, it is first checked whether balls can be added or subtracted directly. If they
cannot, then they refer to complementary pairs up to the number 5, and if that is not possible,
then they refer to complementary pairs up to the number 10. Also, there are some deviations in
the calculation for which it is not necessary to learn new rules, but to apply the learned ones in
different situations.
Multiplication on the soroban requires prior knowledge in the form of a table of multiplication
of single-digit numbers and skillful execution of the addition on the soroban. On the other hand,
dividing by soroban also requires knowledge of the multiplication table, but also skillful
subtraction on the aid.
At the end, the application of the abacus in practice is presented. The advantages of using the
abacus, as well as its use in practice, are listed. Regardless of the fact that it is mostly used in
Asian countries, there are also schools in Croatia for learning to work on the abacus. Also,
there are different applications and websites that allow working on it. |
