The Risorgimento was a movement for Italian unification. Due to the French influence and liberal ideas, in Italy, among the city elite, new ideas are spreading that will lead to unification. The Italian peninsula was divided into several states. The French occupation led to changes on the peninsula. Enlightenment reforms are taking place that will change Italy. The Kingdom of Italy was created in the northeast. Many despised the French government because of high taxes and rising prices. After the French rule, restoration takes place. Restoration regimes were unsuccessful and led to dissatisfaction of the people. Rebellions often broke out, and in years of 1848-1849 a revolution occurs. After the revolution is extinguished, a second restoration takes place. The new Pope Pius IX. came to power in 1846. He introduced new reforms for which he was considered a liberal, who would one day be the leader of a united Italy. After he decided not to enter the war on the side of the Italians against the Austrians, a revolution broke out in Rome, and the Pope was forced to leave Rome. After returning to Rome, he ruled the Papal States until 1870. The only state on the peninsula that retained its constitution was the Kingdom of Sardinia. The Kingdom of Sardinia attracted many Italian revolutionaries because of its liberal constitution and freedom. Under the leadership of Cavour, Piedmont united Italy in 1861. Italy's goal was to annex Rome and declare it the capital. After the French troops left Rome, due to the Franco-Prussian War, the Italian government decided to conquer the Eternal City. Rome fell to the Italians in 1870, and the Pope became a prisoner of the Vatican.