Aim of this work is connect Erasmus thought with theory of critical thinking. At the beginning author introduce us with critical thinking theory in general, through two works of John Dewey. After that he consider what Erasmus think of early-age education and in that he sees link with Dewey’s theory. Further he analyzes how Erasmus understand notion eruditio, also what ratio, usus and philosophia means for him, after which he is looking for the relations between these terms. Author comes to conclusion that meaning of the notion eruditio is similar with nowadays understanding of critical thinking. He then outlines Erasmus’ attitude as to what the characteristics of a good teacher should be, and in this he sees, in some respects, a resemblance to Oscar Brenifier and John Dewey. Furthermore, he seeks how to begin to think critically, and concludes that Erazmo offers as a pretext fables, language exercises and proverbs. In the end, the author finds elements of critical thinking in The Praise of Folly, since the work offers a satirical critical reflection on the society of his time. Author draws conclusions that some elements of critical thinking, later recognized by Francis Bacon, can be found here.