| Sažetak | U povijesti filozofije već u Elejskoj školi naspram Heraklitove nauke o vječnoj mijeni dolazi do stava da je sve jedno, vječno, nepromjenjivo, da nema nastajanja niti promjene, već je to samo pogrešno mnijenje, da je sve jedan cjeloviti bitak. Parmenid otvara problematiku kako je moguće jedno i mnoštvo, pomirba raznolikosti, ali jednakosti svega da „jest“. Aristotelova je knjiga, iako joj nije dao taj naziv, upravo Metafizika. Bavi se nadosjetilnim uzrocima, supstancijom, Bogom, načelima, bavi se bićem kao bićem. Ono što je nedostajalo Aristotelu, a u metafiziku uvodi sv. Toma Akvinski, pojam je bitka i transcendentni red bitka u kojem je samo bivstvovanje i nadilazi kategorijalni red supstancije i kategorija. U radu je analizirano pet udžbenika metafizike na hrvatskom jeziku koji na različite načine dolaze do pojma bitka, ali zaključuju isto. Bitak je unutarnje počelo bića, konstitutivan element koji daje „jest“ svakom biću i svemu u biću, daje „jest“ onome „biti, a ne ne-biti“. Bit je komplementarno supočelo bića koje ograničava bitak na određeni, biću vlastiti način bivstvovanja. Bit će nam reći što je neka stvarnost, a bitak je li jest neka stvarnost. Sva stvorena bića sastavljena su od biti i bitka. Čisti subzistentni bitak, neograničeni bitak, sama zbiljnost, zadnji razlog svakog bića jest Bog. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | In the history of philosophy, already in the Eleusian school, in contrast to Heraclitus' doctrine of eternal change, there developed a stance that everything is one, eternal, immutable, that there is no creation or change, but that those are only misconceptions, that everything is one complete being. Parmenides raises the issues of how one and many are possible, the reconciliation of diversity, but of the equality of all is „to be“. Although Aristotle did not name his book Metaphysics, it is just that. It deals with transcendental causes, substance, God, principles, deals with being as a being. What Aristotle lacked, and was introduced into metaphysics by St. Thomas Aquinas, is the notion of the act of being and the transcendent order of the act of being in which it is being itself and transcends the categorical order of substance and category. The paper analyzes five metaphysics textbooks in the Croatian language which address the concept of the act of being in different ways, but conclude the same. The act of being is the inward beginning of being, the constituent element that gives "is" to every being and everything in being, gives "is" to that "to be, not not to be". Essence is a complementary counterpart of a being that limits it to a particular, its own way of being. Essence tells us what some reality is,while the act of being tells us whether a reality is. All created beings are made up of the act of being and the essence. The pure sub-existent act of being, unlimited act of being, actuality itself, the final reason of every being is God. |
