This thesis is dedicated to music education and the ways in which it influences different aspects of student's personality. The historical recap shows how the music education changed through different periods of time and it shows how over the last fifty years it acquired a structure similar to the one that we know today. Part of the thesis gives a thorough representation of tasks and objectives across different education cycles. The most important objectives of the National Framework Curriculum are the aesthetic experience of music and the abilities to identify basic musical elements and periods. The central part of the paper elaborates on the components that are influenced by music teaching, which are: the cognitive, emotional, social and motor components. The paper also discusses the musical preferences of students and some of the factors that influence these preferences, such as cognitive, emotional, physiological, etc. The last part of the thesis also covers musically gifted students, where teachers and a positive family atmosphere play a key role in observing a musically gifted child and in encouraging the development of a child's gift.