| Sažetak | Moral i moralno rasuđivanje i ponašanje predstavlja jedan od najvećih izazova istraživanja mnogih znanstvenika, psihologa, biologa, etičara itd. Potreba za neiscrpnim pričama o dobru i zlu, nagrađivanju dobrih i kažnjavanju onih loših izaziva brojne pretpostavke o samom podrijetlu morala. Moral, kao apstraktan sastavni dio svakog ljudskog bića podrazumijeva upravo razlikovanje dobra i zla, ponašanje i reagiranje u skladu općih ljudskih definicija dobrog i lošeg ponašanja, što doprinosi, ili pak, u nedostatku istog, odmaže kod zdravih i ispravnih odnosa između pojedinaca, a s time i cjelokupnog društva koje svojim razvojem zahtjeva skladnost. Pitanju morala možemo pristupiti s filozofske, sociološke, biološke ili psihološke perspektive. Dvije osnovne teorije o podrijetlu morala su teološka/filozofska i empirijska. Teolozi tvrde da je moral dan od nekog višeg bića, kao smjernica za ispravan život, i da je znanstveno nedokaziv.Empiristi, s druge strane tvrde da je moral rezultat biološke evolucije i kulturološke antropologije i da se temelji na objektivnim znanjima koja su dokaziva i vidljiva. Sa novim pristupom istraživanju morala i moralnog ponašanja javlja se nekolicina znanstvenika, među kojima je i Paul Bloom, razvojni psiholog s Yalea. Oni su proučavanju morala odlučili pristupiti koristeći djecu i bebe kao glavne sudionike eksperimenata. Raspon dobi kreće se od 3 mjeseca pa do 7-8 godina starosti. Ovakvim pristupom Bloom je pokušao dokazati prisutnost moralnih principa od samog rođenja, koji dolaze sami od sebe, i onih koji se razvijaju tijekom odrastanja. Uzimajući u obzir neke aspekte života kao što su suosjećanje i empatija, pravednost, razlikovanje dobra i zla, odnosi prema ljudima oko sebe, Bloom i njegovi kolege su svojim metodama dokazali kako se djeca doista rađaju sa dobro razvijenim smislom za razlikovanje dobrog od lošeg ponašanja, potrebom da se brinu za tuđe osjećaje i nagonom za pravedno djelovanje. Uspoređujući ova saznanja sa odraslim osobama i njihovim djelovanjem u društvu, dokazao je svoju polaznu teoriju: moralnost je pojava koja nastaje kombinacijom urođenih moralnih principa i utjecajem okoline, društva, odgoja i vlastite kognitivne sposobnosti. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | Morality and moral reasoning and behaviour represent one of the biggest challenges in studying for a great number of scientist, psychologists, biologists, ethicists etc. A need for never-ending stories about good and evil, rewarding the good ones and punishing the bad ones brings numerous assumptions on the origin of morality itself. Morality, as an abstract part of every human being, is understood as differing right from wrong, behaving and reacting in terms of general human definitions of good and bad behaviour, which contributes, or in lack of, hinders, in establishing healthy and right relationship between individuals, and also overall society, which demands harmony by its development. Question of morality can be approached to byphilosophical, sociological, biological or psychological perspective. There are two basic theories on the origin of morality-theological/philosophical and empirical. Theologists claim that morality is given by a higher, spiritual creature, as a guideline for a virtuous life, and is scientifically unprovable. Empiricists, on the other hand, claim that morality is a result of biological evolution and cultural antrophology and that it is based on objective knowledge which is provable and visible. A new group of scientist, leaded by Paul Bloom, developmental pshychologist from Yale, approach to studying of morality and moral behaviour in a completely new way. They decided to study morality using kids and babies as main participants of experiments. The age is between 3 months and 7-8 years. With this approach Bloom tried to prove presence of moral principles from the actual birth, principles that come by themselves to us, and those that come to us while growing up. Taking in consideration some aspects of life such as compassion and empathy, fairness, knowing right from wrong, relationship with other people, Bloom and his colleagues used their methods to prove that children are really born with a well developed sense to differentiate right from wrong behaviour, a need to care for other's feelings and impulse to act justly. Comparing these results with adults and their status in society, he proved his initial theory: morality is a phenomenon which is constructed with combination of innate moral principles and the influence of the environment, society, upbringing and our own cognitive capabilities. |
